Returning Methods of Rykyu\u27s Drifting Ships in the Qing Dynasty

The communication between Ryukyu･Okinawa and China has a long history. It has been said that the history has begun even at Ming Dynasty. Ryukyu Dynasty were canonized by Chinese king even after Satsuma clan (now Kagoshima Prefecture)\u27s invasion in the beginning of 17 century. The tributary relations between Ryukyu and China had last for 5 centuries until Ryukyu became Okinawa Prefecture by Meiji Japanese government in 1872. The relationship between China and Ryukyu basic were tributary relations. However, the main transportation mean in Ryukyu were by ship, and lots of ship encountered typhoon, lost control of their ship, and finally were drifted to China continent. You can refer to these historical documentation in the book 「Selected documentation of China-Ryukyu relations in Qing Dynasty」 which was public by China First Historical Archives. Lots of ship-drift cases are written in this book from Qianlong era to Guangxu era of Qing Dynasty. Various forms of transportation can be found form those cases. This paper will not focus on tributary ships from Ryukyu, but on the part of rescue and aid from Qing government to those who were drifted from Ryukyu

Induction machines for electrodynamic separation of non-rerrous metals

The development of environmental protection technology and creation off environment for its realization are among the actual modern problems. Preliminary extraction of metallic particles from solid wastes is one of the obligatory conditions in the various technological processes of recycling solid wastes of manufacture and consumptions. Electrodynamic separations is based on the force interaction of a magnetic field with eddy currents induced in conducting particles by a time changing field. This force literally ejects the conductive particle from the product stream. It is the most effective for the recovery of non-ferrous metals

Climbing Fibre Purkinje Cell Twins are Found

At the IJCNN\u2793 in Nagoya we have pronounced a challenging goal: to get activity patterns of airs of Purkinje cells(PC), controlled with the same climbing fiber (CF), - a CF PC Twins problem Here, for the first time in cerebral studies, CF PC twins have been identified and studied. Several important features of the CF PC Twins activity are demonstrated: (1) High constancy of conduction time of impulses of cells of inferior olives to the targetted PCs, (2) a relatively high failure rate (0.05-0.18) of impulse propagation into terminal branches of CF, (3) a salient difference in complex Spikes(CS) - simple spikes(SS) interaction between the PC twins, (4) SS cross-correlation between twin cells is zero , thus contradicting a naive prediction of several cerebellarlearning theorie

Crystal effects in the Neutralization of He+ ions in the low energy ion scattering regime

4 pages.-- PACS nrs.: 34.35.+a, 68.47.De, 68.49.Sf, 79.20.Rf.Investigating possible crystal effects in ion scattering from elemental surfaces, measurements of the positive ion fraction P+ are reported for He+ ions scattered from single and polycrystalline Cu surfaces. In the Auger neutralization regime, the ion yield is determined by scattering from the outermost atomic layer. For Cu(110) P+ exceeds that for polycrystalline Cu by up to a factor of 2.5, thus exhibiting a strong crystal effect. It is much less pronounced at higher energies, i.e., in the reionization regime. However, there a completely different angular dependence of the ion yield is observed for poly- and single crystals, due to massive subsurface contributions in nonchanneling directions.This work was partially supported by the Austrian Science Fund FWF, project number P16469.Peer reviewe

Crystal effects in the Neutralization of He+ ions in the low energy ion scattering regime

4 pages.-- PACS nrs.: 34.35.+a, 68.47.De, 68.49.Sf, 79.20.Rf.Investigating possible crystal effects in ion scattering from elemental surfaces, measurements of the positive ion fraction P+ are reported for He+ ions scattered from single and polycrystalline Cu surfaces. In the Auger neutralization regime, the ion yield is determined by scattering from the outermost atomic layer. For Cu(110) P+ exceeds that for polycrystalline Cu by up to a factor of 2.5, thus exhibiting a strong crystal effect. It is much less pronounced at higher energies, i.e., in the reionization regime. However, there a completely different angular dependence of the ion yield is observed for poly- and single crystals, due to massive subsurface contributions in nonchanneling directions.This work was partially supported by the Austrian Science Fund FWF, project number P16469.Peer reviewe

Standard Thermodynamic Functions of Tripeptides N-Formyl-L-Methionyl-L-Leucyl-L-Phenylalaninol and N-Formyl-L-Methionyl-L-Leucyl-L-Phenylalanine Methyl Ester

The heat capacities of tripeptides N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalaninol (N-f-MLF-OH) and N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine methyl ester (N-f-MLF-OMe) were measured by precision adiabatic vacuum calorimetry over the temperature range from T = (6 to 350) K. The tripeptides were stable over this temperature range, and no phase change, transformation, association, or thermal decomposition was observed. The standard thermodynamic functions: molar heat capacity C[subscript p,m], enthalpy H(T) – H(0), entropy S(T), and Gibbs energy G(T) – H(0) of peptides were calculated over the range from T = (0 to 350) K. The low-temperature (T ≤ 50 K) heat capacities dependencies were analyzed using the Debye’s and the multifractal theories. The standard entropies of formation of peptides at T = 298.15 K were calculated.National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U.S.) (Grant EB-003151)National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U.S.) (Grant EB-001960)National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U.S.) (Grant EB-002026)Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Contract 14.B37.21.0799

БІОФІЗИЧНІ ПАРАМЕТРИ ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ СИСТЕМИ МАТКА–ПЛАЦЕНТА–ПЛІД ПРИ ФІЗІОЛОГІЧНОМУ ПЕРЕБІГУ ЛАТЕНТНОЇ ФАЗИ ПЕРШОГО ПЕРІОДУ ПЕРЕДЧАСНИХ ПОЛОГІВ.

The basic biophysical parameters were studied that reflect the state of fetal-placental system during physiological process of latent phase of the first period of preterm delivery. The peculiarities of uterine contractive activity, intrauterine hemodynamics, contractive changes of lower uterine segment, the state of uterine-placental blood flow, vital activity of premature fetus during uncomplicated preterm delivery were established.Изучены основные биофизические параметры, отражающие состояние фетоплацентарной системы при физиологическом течении латентной фазы первого периода преждевременных родов. Установлены особенности сократительной деятельности матки, внутриматочной гемодинамики, контрактильных изменений нижнего маточного сегмента, состояния маточно-плацентарного кровообращения, жизнедеятельности недоношенного плода при неосложненных преждевременных родах. Вивчено основні біофізичні параметри, які відображають стан фетоплацентарної системи при фізіологічному перебігу латентної фази першого періоду передчасних пологів. Встановлено особливості скоротливої діяльності матки, внутрішньоматкової гемодинаміки, контрактильних змін нижнього маткового сегмента, стану матково-плацентарного кровообігу, життєдіяльності недоношеного плода при неускладнених передчасних пологах

Magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of (MnCo)1-xGe compounds

The crystal structure, magnetic properties, and heat capacity of the (MnCo)1-xGe compounds with x ≤ 0.05 have been studied. It was found that, as the deviation from the MnCoGe stoichiometric composition increases, the temperature of structural transition from the low-temperature phase with the orthorhombic TiNiSi-type structure to the high-temperature phase with the hexagonal Ni2In-type phase decreases rapidly, whereas the magnetic ordering temperature varies slightly. The temperature of structural transition for the composition with x = 0.02 approximately coincides with the Curie temperature of the hexagonal phase, and the transition is accompanied by a significant entropy change, namely, ΔS = 34 J/(kg K). The application of high magnetic field in the transition-temperature range causes an increase in the relative volume of the orthorhombic phase. An analysis of magnetocaloric properties of these compounds, which was performed with the formal application of the Maxwell's relationship near the temperature of first-order structural phase transition, is shown to give overestimated values of the entropy change. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2013

Epidemiology of Blastomycosis and Paracoccdioidomycosis

In recent years, an increase of tourist flow, strengthening of social and economic connections between the countries take place. The processes of the world economy globalization, development of international transport systems, and migration of population form preconditions for the spread of new infectious diseases in the territory of Russia and CIS countries. Imported cases of blastomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis are already registered in many countries of Europe and Asia among persons who returned from endemic countries. Thus, it is likely to find infected persons and patients in Russia. The purpose of our review is to provide data indicating the need for improvement of methods for epidemiological control of blastomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis. Diagnostic studies should be carried out by competent personnel in specialized laboratories that meet the necessary safety requirements. Thus, awareness about these diseases of as many experts as possible, guarantees the successful implementation of strategies for diagnostics and treatment